Robert Nanteuil

Robert Nanteuil prided himself on understanding and embracing the material properties of engraving, but then overcoming its manual and visual constraints. He wrote a series of maxims in which he described the careful planning that must accompany every plate. Nanteuil’s special emphasis on his own technique and naturalistic presentation fit within his aspirations as an Academician. Declared a liberal art by King Louis XIV (notably one of Nanteuil’s sitters) in 1660, engraving was, by the height of Nanteuil’s career, beholden to all of the discourses surrounding art-making in the Academy.

The Viscount of Turenne (1611–1674), often called just Turenne, was the younger brother of the Duc de Boullion (see his portrait, left), and the epitome of the 17th-century noble warrior. He achieved military fame during his lifetime and became one of only six men honored with the title Marshal General of France. Campaigns under his leadership in Italy and Holland eventually brought an end to the Thirty Year’s War.